home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
/
pc
/
illusion
/
hub_fie.cxt
/
00063_Field_frep80.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-12-30
|
3KB
|
109 lines
Bipolar cells, like receptors
and horizontal cells, do not fire
impulses, but we still speak of
an on response, meaning a
depolarization to light and
therefore increased transmitter
release from the cell's
terminals, and an off response,
to imply hyperpolarization and
decreased release. For the off-
center bipolars the synapses
from the receptors must be
excitatory, because the
receptors themselves are
turned off (hyperpolarized) by
light; for the on-center
bipolars the synapses must be
inhibitory. To see why (if you,
like me, find this confusing),
you need only think about the
effects of a small spot of light.
Receptors are active in the
dark: light hyperpolarizes
them, turning them off. If the
synapse is excitatory, the
bipolar will have been activated
in the dark, and will likewise
be turned off by the stimulus. If
the synapse is inhibitory, the
bipolar will have been
suppressed in the dark, and the
light, by turning off the
receptor, will relieve the
suppression of the bipolar cell-
-that is, the bipolar cell will be
activated. (No one said this
would be easy.)
Whether the receptor-to-
bipolar synapse is excitatory or
inhibitory could depend on
either the transmitter the
receptor releases or the nature
of the channels in the bipolar
cell's postsynaptic membrane.
At present no one thinks that
one receptor releases two
transmitters, and much
evidence favors the idea that
the two biolar types have
different receptor molecules.
Before we discuss where the
receptive-field surrounds of the
bipolar cells come from, we
have to consider the horizontal
cells.
Horizontal cells are
important because they are
probably at least in part
responsible for the receptive-
field surrounds of retinal
ganglion cells; they represent
the part of the indirect pathway
about which we know the most.
They are large cells, and among
the strangest in the nervous
system. Their processes make
close contact with the
terminals of many
photoreceptors distributed over
an area that is wide compared
with the area directly feeding a
single bipolar cell. Every
receptor contacts both types of
second-order cell, bipolar and
horizontal.
Horizontal cells come in
several subtypes and can differ
greatly from species to species;
their most unusual feature,
which they share with
amacrine cells, is their lack of
anything that looks like an
ordinary axon. From the
slightly simplified account of
nerve cells given in the last
chapter you may rightly wonder
how a nerve without an axon
could transmit information to
other neurons. When the
electron microscope began to be
used in neuroanatomy, we soon
realized that dendrites can, in
some cases, be presynaptic,
making synapses onto other
neurons, usually onto their
dendrites. (For that matter,
axon terminals can sometimes
be postsynaptic, with other
axons ending on them.) The
processes that come off the cell
bodies of horizontal cells and
amacrine cells apparently serve
the functions of both axons and
dendrites.